4
Second, for the case of 2 extra dimensions, the gravitational force law
should change from on distances ~ 100µm-1 mm, and this
deviation could be observed in the next few years by the new experiments
measuring gravity at sub-millimeter distances [11].
Third, since the SM fields are only localized within in the extra
n dimensions, in sufficiently hard collisions of energy , they
can acquire momentum in the extra dimensions and escape from our 4-d
world, carrying away energy*. In fact, for energies above the threshold ,
escape into the extra dimensions is enormously favored by phase space. This
implies a sharp upper limit to the transverse momentum which can be seen
in 4 dimensions at , which may be seen at the LHC or NLC if the
beam energies are high enough to yield collisions with c.o.m. energies greater
than .
Notice that while energy can be lost into the extra dimensions, electric
charge (or any other unbroken gauge charge) can not be lost. This is because
the massless photon is localized in our Universe and an isolated charge can
not exist in the region where electric field can not penetrate, so charges can
not freely escape into the bulk. In light of this fact, let us examine the
fate of a charged particle kicked into the extra dimensions in more detail.
On very general grounds (which we will discuss in more detail in section 3), the photon (or any other massless gauge field) can be localized in our
Universe, provided it can only propagate in the bulk in the form of a massive
state with mass ~ , setting the penetration depth of the electric
flux lines into the extra dimensions. In order for the localized photon to be
massless it is necessary that the gauge symmetry be unbroken at least within
a distance >> from our four-dimensional surface (otherwise the photon
will get mass through the "charge screening", see section 3). As long as
this condition is satisfied, the four-dimensional observer will see an unbroken
gauge symmetry with the right 4-d Coulomb law. Now, consider a particle
with nonzero charge (or any other unbroken gauge quantum number) kicked
into the extra dimensions. Due to the conservation of flux, an electric flux
tube of the width must be stretched between the escaping particle and
our Universe. Such a string has a tension per unit length. Depending
on the energy available in the collision, the charged particle will be either
be pulled back to our Universe, or the flux tube will break into pieces with
opposite charges at their ends. In either case, charge is conserved in the
4-dimensional world, although energy may be lost in the form of neutral
particles propagating in the bulk. Similar conclusions can be reached by
considering a soft photon emission process [8].
Once the particles escape into the extra dimensions, they may or may
not return to the 4-dimensional world, depending on the shape and/or the
topology of the n dimensional compact manifold . In the most interesting
case, the particles orbit around the extra dimensions, periodically returning,
colliding with and depositing energy to our 4 dimensional space with frequency
Hz. This will lead to continuous "fireworks", which
in the case of n = 2 can give rise to ~ mm displaced vertices.
* Usually in theories with extra compact dimensions of size R, states with momentum
in the compact dimensions are interpreted from the 4-dimensional point of view particles
of mass 1/R, but still localized in the 4-d world. This is because the at the energies
required to excite these particles, there wavelength and the size of the compact dimension
are comparable. In our case the situation is completely different: the particles which
can acquire momentum in the extra dimensions have TeV energies, and therefore have
wavelengths much smaller than the size of the extra dimensions. Thus, they simply escape
into the extra dimensions.
The major part of the content is taken from:
N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, "The Hierarchy Problem and New Dimensions at a Millimeter," Phys. Lett. B 429, 263 (1998)
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